Mr. Ramakrishnan R, RK Seeds, Brand Owner, Proprietor, RK Nursery and Seeds ,Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, discusses about Moringa or Drumstick cultivation and uses.
Moringa, commonly known as drumstick or by its scientific name Moringa oleifera, is a versatile and resilient plant. It is often referred to as the "miracle tree" or "Nebedaye," which translates to "never dying" in some languages, highlighting its hardiness and numerous benefits. The plant is native to India, specifically Northern India, where it was discovered around 2000 BC. Moringa thrives in a variety of climatic conditions, making it adaptable to different environments. While it is indigenous to India, it is considered an exotic plant in other parts of the world. Understanding its origin and adaptability is crucial for effective cultivation, as it can grow in diverse climates and soil types, making it a valuable crop for both nutritional and medicinal purposes.
Moringa, a versatile and resilient plant, thrives in tropical climates and is cultivated in approximately 197 countries. Its rapid growth and drought resistance make it an ideal crop for regions with challenging environmental conditions. The plant yields a variety of byproducts, including flowers, leaves, and fruits, which are in high demand globally due to their nutritional and medicinal properties. Moringa is rich in vitamins and minerals, making it a valuable resource for health and wellness. However, the primary challenges in the moringa industry include post-harvest protection and efficient transportation of the yield to international markets. Ensuring the quality and freshness of the products during export is crucial. Additionally, verifying the credibility of buyers and sellers is essential to maintain fair trade practices and market integrity.
Moringa belongs to the Moringaceae family, and its dried pods are particularly popular. The fruit is highly prized as a vegetable, appreciated for its unique flavor, taste, and aroma. The plant's medicinal properties further enhance its value, making it a sought-after commodity in both local and international markets. To maximize the potential of moringa, it is important to focus on sustainable farming practices, effective post-harvest management, and robust marketing strategies. By addressing these challenges, the moringa industry can continue to grow and contribute to global health and economic development.
Moringa is often referred to as a miracle tree because every part of it is beneficial to humans. The leaves are commonly used in cooking and can be dried and ground into a powder, which is rich in medicinal properties. This powder is often used to make tea and added to various spices. The flowers of the moringa tree are also edible and are frequently cooked and consumed. The roots, particularly when they are between 4 to 8 months old, are utilized in Ayurvedic medicine for their healing properties. The bark is another valuable part of the tree, used to prepare soups and traditional medicines. Seeds from the moringa tree are essential for propagation and cultivation, and there is a growing demand for them in both domestic and international markets. Seed powder is also used in food products like ice creams and jams, adding a unique flavor. Additionally, the seeds can be processed into powder, which has a longer shelf life and can be used in various applications. Lastly, the fruits of the moringa tree are used as vegetables in cooking, making this tree a versatile and invaluable resource.
Cultivation of moringa involves three categories: wild, natural, and hybrid. Wild moringa is found in forest areas and is not commonly consumed. The varieties that are cultivated are referred to as natural ones, which are perennial and grow naturally. Hybrid varieties are selectively chosen and cultivated using specific methods. Moringa plants can be either annual or perennial. Perennial plants grow and yield for an extended period, while annual plants have a shorter lifespan and are removed once their yield decreases.
There are several important hybrid varieties of crops, with PKM 1 being the most prominent, followed by PKM 2 and ODC. In Tamil Nadu, the PKM varieties, specifically Periyakulam 1 and Periyakulam 2, are widely cultivated. On the other hand, ODC 1, 2, and 3 are more common in Northern India, particularly in states like Maharashtra. These hybrid varieties are known for their high yield, making them a preferred choice among farmers seeking better income. ODC 1, 2, and 3 are particularly popular in Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh due to their drought-resistant properties, which make them suitable for the climatic conditions in these regions. In Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu, Bhagya KDM 1 is cultivated for its leaf, fruit, and flower production. Meanwhile, in Karnataka, Chandra 1 and Dhanraj are the dominant varieties, and they are also grown in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. It is important to note that all these hybrid varieties are not perennial. They typically have a lifespan of 1 to 2 years, which should be considered when planning cultivation.
The cultivation of natural varieties of moringa is predominantly observed in the southern states of India, including Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala, and Andhra Pradesh. These regions are known for their favorable climatic conditions that support the growth of moringa. When higher yields are desired within a shorter timeframe, hybrid varieties are often preferred. These hybrid varieties are typically named after the locations where they are cultivated, such as Moolanur, Valayapatti, and Chavakacheri. Each variety exhibits distinct characteristics, including variations in the weight of the produce and yield per tree. For instance, the Moolanur variety benefits from specific climatic conditions that enhance both flower and leaf production. Another notable variety is the Jaffna moringa, which originates from Sri Lanka. This variety is distinguishable by its unique fruit and tree morphology. Additionally, there is a wild variety known as Kattumurungai, which is commonly found in forested areas. Unlike the cultivated varieties, Kattumurungai is not typically used in cooking. Instead, it serves as a food source for wild animals, and its seeds are dispersed across various parts of the forest, contributing to the natural propagation of the species.
The Moolanur moringa is a perennial variety grown in the Moolanur, Karur, and Dharapuram areas of Tamil Nadu. It has pods that are 45 to 50 cm long, weigh 150 grams, and yield around 200 kg per tree. This variety can be maintained for up to 15 years with minimal labor, though pruning is required. The Valayapatti moringa is cultivated in states like Telangana, where the mother plant is sourced from the Valayapatti area. Another perennial variety, grown in and around Usilampatti and Andipatti, produces pods that are approximately 65 cm long, weigh 120 grams, and yield 1000 to 1200 pods per tree. Jaffna moringa, originating from Sri Lanka, has fruits that are 60 to 90 cm long and can also be grown in India. Kodikkal moringa is known for its thick pulp and flesh, offering a good taste, and its flowers are also edible and flavorful. Lastly, Palamedu moringa produces pods that are 60 cm long, weigh 95 to 100 grams, and yield around 100 pods per tree.
When cultivating PKM 1, PKM 2, and ODC varieties, it is necessary to remove them after 2 years. These varieties produce long pods, begin flowering within 5 to 6 months, and are ready for harvest within 7 to 8 months. The peak harvest periods are typically in March and August. Although they are annual plants, they can be maintained for 3 to 4 years. However, they should be cut when the yield decreases.
The ideal soil parameters for optimal growth include a pH range of 6.5 to 8. Planting is typically carried out between July and October. The recommended pit size is 30 to 45 cm, with 45 x 45 x 45 cm being the most ideal. Before planting, it is essential to apply 50 kg of compost to the soil. Additionally, farmyard manure can be mixed in for enhanced fertility. Each row should maintain a spacing of 3 m x 3 m, with a line distance of 2 x 2 m. In cases of density plantation, the focus is solely on leaf production rather than fruit yield. For high-yield varieties, PKM 1 and PKM 2 are recommended. In Tamil Nadu, the major markets for Moringa are Dindigul and Oddanchatram. Moringa leaves are also excellent fodder for cattle. For optimal growth, maintain the hedge level at a height of 1 to 2 meters. Pellet formation is possible and can be used as cattle feed.
Are there any common pests or diseases that affect moringa cultivation, and how can they be managed?
Moringa plants are susceptible to diseases, and if one tree becomes infected, the disease can rapidly spread to other plants, particularly in hybrid varieties. It is crucial to regularly monitor the plants for any signs of disease and promptly remove any affected portions. Caterpillars are the primary insects that can harm moringa, and they are highly allergenic. If a tree is found to be diseased or infested, it should be destroyed to prevent further spread.
Using organic Panchakavya is highly effective in managing these issues, and there is no need for chemical treatments. When applying Panchakavya, it is important to identify the affected parts and remove the entire tree if necessary. Pest attacks typically occur seasonally, so vigilance during these periods is essential.
Can moringa be grown in pots or containers, and what are the considerations for container gardening?
Nowadays, bananas are also grown in containers, especially in rooftop areas. However, this method is primarily suitable for home gardening. For larger plantations, field cultivation is necessary. Growing bananas in large containers is feasible for home gardening purposes, but it requires regular pruning. This approach allows households to grow bananas for daily consumption. Similarly, Moringa PKM 1 and 2 can also be cultivated in containers. When the Moringa plant reaches a height of 1.5 meters, it can be pruned to encourage the growth of side branches. While container cultivation is ideal for home gardens, it is not practical for large-scale farming, as the plants may not thrive. Therefore, Moringa cultivation in containers is best suited for home gardening.
Can moringa be used as water purifier, and what is the process involved?
It can be used for water purification. The roots are used for this purpose, and recycling is also possible. There is a lot of mechanism involved using chemical compounds which absorb the other particles and purify the water.
What is the recommended spacing between moringa plants in a plantation?
For standard plantation, a spacing of 2 meters between plants is recommended. This includes 2 x 2 meters of line spacing and 3 x 3 meters of row spacing. This method is ideal for regulated plantation. However, if the goal is high-density plantation, particularly for leaf production rather than fruit, different spacing methods can be employed. In high-density cultivation, a spacing of 0.5 x 0.5 meters is often used, depending on the specific objectives of the plantation.
R. Ramakrishnan., M.Sc., MBA.,LLB.,
No.80 -1, RK Illam , 8th Main Road,
Gurusamy Nagar, Vadavalli, BU -Post,
Coimbatore - 641046
Tamil Nadu, India
Cell : +91 9943517361 & +91 9597414909
Moringa, commonly known as drumstick or by its scientific name Moringa oleifera, is a versatile and resilient plant. It is often referred to as the "miracle tree" or "Nebedaye," which translates to "never dying" in some languages, highlighting its hardiness and numerous benefits. The plant is native to India, specifically Northern India, where it was discovered around 2000 BC. Moringa thrives in a variety of climatic conditions, making it adaptable to different environments. While it is indigenous to India, it is considered an exotic plant in other parts of the world. Understanding its origin and adaptability is crucial for effective cultivation, as it can grow in diverse climates and soil types, making it a valuable crop for both nutritional and medicinal purposes.
Moringa, a versatile and resilient plant, thrives in tropical climates and is cultivated in approximately 197 countries. Its rapid growth and drought resistance make it an ideal crop for regions with challenging environmental conditions. The plant yields a variety of byproducts, including flowers, leaves, and fruits, which are in high demand globally due to their nutritional and medicinal properties. Moringa is rich in vitamins and minerals, making it a valuable resource for health and wellness. However, the primary challenges in the moringa industry include post-harvest protection and efficient transportation of the yield to international markets. Ensuring the quality and freshness of the products during export is crucial. Additionally, verifying the credibility of buyers and sellers is essential to maintain fair trade practices and market integrity.
Moringa belongs to the Moringaceae family, and its dried pods are particularly popular. The fruit is highly prized as a vegetable, appreciated for its unique flavor, taste, and aroma. The plant's medicinal properties further enhance its value, making it a sought-after commodity in both local and international markets. To maximize the potential of moringa, it is important to focus on sustainable farming practices, effective post-harvest management, and robust marketing strategies. By addressing these challenges, the moringa industry can continue to grow and contribute to global health and economic development.
Moringa is often referred to as a miracle tree because every part of it is beneficial to humans. The leaves are commonly used in cooking and can be dried and ground into a powder, which is rich in medicinal properties. This powder is often used to make tea and added to various spices. The flowers of the moringa tree are also edible and are frequently cooked and consumed. The roots, particularly when they are between 4 to 8 months old, are utilized in Ayurvedic medicine for their healing properties. The bark is another valuable part of the tree, used to prepare soups and traditional medicines. Seeds from the moringa tree are essential for propagation and cultivation, and there is a growing demand for them in both domestic and international markets. Seed powder is also used in food products like ice creams and jams, adding a unique flavor. Additionally, the seeds can be processed into powder, which has a longer shelf life and can be used in various applications. Lastly, the fruits of the moringa tree are used as vegetables in cooking, making this tree a versatile and invaluable resource.
Cultivation of moringa involves three categories: wild, natural, and hybrid. Wild moringa is found in forest areas and is not commonly consumed. The varieties that are cultivated are referred to as natural ones, which are perennial and grow naturally. Hybrid varieties are selectively chosen and cultivated using specific methods. Moringa plants can be either annual or perennial. Perennial plants grow and yield for an extended period, while annual plants have a shorter lifespan and are removed once their yield decreases.
There are several important hybrid varieties of crops, with PKM 1 being the most prominent, followed by PKM 2 and ODC. In Tamil Nadu, the PKM varieties, specifically Periyakulam 1 and Periyakulam 2, are widely cultivated. On the other hand, ODC 1, 2, and 3 are more common in Northern India, particularly in states like Maharashtra. These hybrid varieties are known for their high yield, making them a preferred choice among farmers seeking better income. ODC 1, 2, and 3 are particularly popular in Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh due to their drought-resistant properties, which make them suitable for the climatic conditions in these regions. In Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu, Bhagya KDM 1 is cultivated for its leaf, fruit, and flower production. Meanwhile, in Karnataka, Chandra 1 and Dhanraj are the dominant varieties, and they are also grown in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. It is important to note that all these hybrid varieties are not perennial. They typically have a lifespan of 1 to 2 years, which should be considered when planning cultivation.
The cultivation of natural varieties of moringa is predominantly observed in the southern states of India, including Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala, and Andhra Pradesh. These regions are known for their favorable climatic conditions that support the growth of moringa. When higher yields are desired within a shorter timeframe, hybrid varieties are often preferred. These hybrid varieties are typically named after the locations where they are cultivated, such as Moolanur, Valayapatti, and Chavakacheri. Each variety exhibits distinct characteristics, including variations in the weight of the produce and yield per tree. For instance, the Moolanur variety benefits from specific climatic conditions that enhance both flower and leaf production. Another notable variety is the Jaffna moringa, which originates from Sri Lanka. This variety is distinguishable by its unique fruit and tree morphology. Additionally, there is a wild variety known as Kattumurungai, which is commonly found in forested areas. Unlike the cultivated varieties, Kattumurungai is not typically used in cooking. Instead, it serves as a food source for wild animals, and its seeds are dispersed across various parts of the forest, contributing to the natural propagation of the species.
The Moolanur moringa is a perennial variety grown in the Moolanur, Karur, and Dharapuram areas of Tamil Nadu. It has pods that are 45 to 50 cm long, weigh 150 grams, and yield around 200 kg per tree. This variety can be maintained for up to 15 years with minimal labor, though pruning is required. The Valayapatti moringa is cultivated in states like Telangana, where the mother plant is sourced from the Valayapatti area. Another perennial variety, grown in and around Usilampatti and Andipatti, produces pods that are approximately 65 cm long, weigh 120 grams, and yield 1000 to 1200 pods per tree. Jaffna moringa, originating from Sri Lanka, has fruits that are 60 to 90 cm long and can also be grown in India. Kodikkal moringa is known for its thick pulp and flesh, offering a good taste, and its flowers are also edible and flavorful. Lastly, Palamedu moringa produces pods that are 60 cm long, weigh 95 to 100 grams, and yield around 100 pods per tree.
When cultivating PKM 1, PKM 2, and ODC varieties, it is necessary to remove them after 2 years. These varieties produce long pods, begin flowering within 5 to 6 months, and are ready for harvest within 7 to 8 months. The peak harvest periods are typically in March and August. Although they are annual plants, they can be maintained for 3 to 4 years. However, they should be cut when the yield decreases.
- PKM 1: This variety produces pods up to 70 cm in length, with a yield of 220 fruits per tree and an overall yield of 52 tons per hectare.
- PKM 2: An annual plant with high demand for both fruits and leaves. It starts bearing fruit 6 months after planting, with pods reaching 126 cm in length, yielding 220 fruits per tree and 98 tons per hectare.
- ODC: This variety yields approximately 30 tons per hectare.
The ideal soil parameters for optimal growth include a pH range of 6.5 to 8. Planting is typically carried out between July and October. The recommended pit size is 30 to 45 cm, with 45 x 45 x 45 cm being the most ideal. Before planting, it is essential to apply 50 kg of compost to the soil. Additionally, farmyard manure can be mixed in for enhanced fertility. Each row should maintain a spacing of 3 m x 3 m, with a line distance of 2 x 2 m. In cases of density plantation, the focus is solely on leaf production rather than fruit yield. For high-yield varieties, PKM 1 and PKM 2 are recommended. In Tamil Nadu, the major markets for Moringa are Dindigul and Oddanchatram. Moringa leaves are also excellent fodder for cattle. For optimal growth, maintain the hedge level at a height of 1 to 2 meters. Pellet formation is possible and can be used as cattle feed.
Are there any common pests or diseases that affect moringa cultivation, and how can they be managed?
Moringa plants are susceptible to diseases, and if one tree becomes infected, the disease can rapidly spread to other plants, particularly in hybrid varieties. It is crucial to regularly monitor the plants for any signs of disease and promptly remove any affected portions. Caterpillars are the primary insects that can harm moringa, and they are highly allergenic. If a tree is found to be diseased or infested, it should be destroyed to prevent further spread.
Using organic Panchakavya is highly effective in managing these issues, and there is no need for chemical treatments. When applying Panchakavya, it is important to identify the affected parts and remove the entire tree if necessary. Pest attacks typically occur seasonally, so vigilance during these periods is essential.
Can moringa be grown in pots or containers, and what are the considerations for container gardening?
Nowadays, bananas are also grown in containers, especially in rooftop areas. However, this method is primarily suitable for home gardening. For larger plantations, field cultivation is necessary. Growing bananas in large containers is feasible for home gardening purposes, but it requires regular pruning. This approach allows households to grow bananas for daily consumption. Similarly, Moringa PKM 1 and 2 can also be cultivated in containers. When the Moringa plant reaches a height of 1.5 meters, it can be pruned to encourage the growth of side branches. While container cultivation is ideal for home gardens, it is not practical for large-scale farming, as the plants may not thrive. Therefore, Moringa cultivation in containers is best suited for home gardening.
Can moringa be used as water purifier, and what is the process involved?
It can be used for water purification. The roots are used for this purpose, and recycling is also possible. There is a lot of mechanism involved using chemical compounds which absorb the other particles and purify the water.
What is the recommended spacing between moringa plants in a plantation?
For standard plantation, a spacing of 2 meters between plants is recommended. This includes 2 x 2 meters of line spacing and 3 x 3 meters of row spacing. This method is ideal for regulated plantation. However, if the goal is high-density plantation, particularly for leaf production rather than fruit, different spacing methods can be employed. In high-density cultivation, a spacing of 0.5 x 0.5 meters is often used, depending on the specific objectives of the plantation.
R. Ramakrishnan., M.Sc., MBA.,LLB.,
No.80 -1, RK Illam , 8th Main Road,
Gurusamy Nagar, Vadavalli, BU -Post,
Coimbatore - 641046
Tamil Nadu, India
Cell : +91 9943517361 & +91 9597414909