pramod yadav
New Member
plz provide me cultivation practicess of shankhapushpi..
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medicinal plant
- Thread starter pramod yadav
- Start date
Hi read the following article
Common names
Butterfly pea (Australia), Kordofan pea (the Sudan), campanilla (Panama), zapatillo de la reina (El Salvador), papito, bejuco de conchitas (Puerto Rico), pokindang (the Philippines).
Description
Summer-growing perennial climber with a woody base, can climb tall grasses and crops. Leaves with 5-7 leaflets elliptic to narrowly lanceolate 3-5 cm long, shortly pubesent underneath. Flowers solitary, attractive, deep blue, occasionally pure white, very shortly pedicellate, 4 to 5 cm long. Pod flat, linear, beaked, about 10 cm long, slightly pubescent. About 20 % hard seeds. (Andrews, 1952). Autogamous, 2 n = 16. Growing season 60-80 days.
Temperature
Low frost tolerance.
Water
Rainfall requirement from 400 mm, with best performance in the area of 1500 mm. Fairly drought-tolerant in Zambia (van Rensburg, 1967) and grows in the drier areas of Kordofan the Sudan, but also performs well under irrigation (Barrau, 1953; Parbery, 1967a). Will not tolerate water logging and flooding (Farinas, 1966).
Soil
Adapted to a wide range of soil conditions from sandy to deep alluvial loams and heavy black cracking clays (Lee, 1954) in western Queensland and the Northern Territory, Australia, in the Nile Delta and in India. May have some tolerance to salinity, as it grows on high pH soils of the Nile Delta under irrigation near Khartoum, the Sudan.
Distribution
The "Butterfly pea" originates in Central and South America and in the Caribbean, but is now naturalized in the semi-arid and sub-humid tropics in some 25 countries of West, East and South Africa. Widely grown as an ornamental in the warmer parts of the world (Bermudez, Ceballos, and Chaverra, 1968). Extends from about lat. 20°N to the Salta district in Argentina at about lat. 24°S (Burkart, 1952), and grows from sea level to 1800 m (Crowder, 1960).
Rhizobium relationships
Slightly specific in its Rhizobium requirement. Bowen (personal communication) obtained 2 497 grams per pot with seed inoculated with strain QA553 containing 19.5 percent crude protein, whereas uninoculated control plants yielded only 140 g/pot with 13.5 percent protein.
Propagation
Seed is sown in spring to midsummer at 1 to 3 kg./ha on a well prepared seed bed at a depth of 1.5 to 4 cm and lightly covered. Can be planted on stakes for seed production. Contains up to 20 percent hard seed depending on the season in which it is produced. Dormancy can be broken by treatment with concentrated sulphuric acid of sp. gr. 1.8 for 20 minutes (Prodonoff, 1968); or by soaking for 12 hours in water, followed by 12 hours in a freezer at*15°C, then defrosted for planting (Lambert, personal communication). Parbery (1967a) obtained no response to a nitrogen application of 100 kg./ha in the Kimberleys (northern Australia). Seeds are usually harvested by hand.
Has good seedling vigour and grows rapidly in warm moist weather, producing a dense cover four to six months after seeding; suppresses weeds very well. Grows well with tall grasses such as guinea and elephant grass, with Andropogon pertusus in Barbados, and with crops of Sudan grass, sorghum and sunn hemp in the Sudan (Whyte et al., 1969). Should be grazed lightly and in rotation to preserve the pasture. Self-fertile; chromosome number 2n = 16. Flowered in 57 days on Cunnunurra clay, and in 62 days in Cockatoo sand in the Kimberleys, northern Australia (Parbery, 1967a) .
Variability
Parbery (1967a) used three cultivars in the Kimberleys and all performed well. A Sri Lanka cultivar, CPI 13844, was found to have the important character of basal branching, unusual in other strains. The other two cultivars were the local Australian material and an introduction from south India, CPI 30196. For commercial sale in Queensland it is required to have a minimum germination of 50 percent and purity of at least 93.5 percent with a maximum of 10 percent hard seed. It is germinated at 25°C.
Products & uses
Very palatable; its lack of persistence is often due to selective grazing of the legume by cattle. Can be grown mixed with perennial tall grasses on which it will climb : Sorghum, Sudan grass, Millet, Andropogon sp.pl., Pennisetum sp.pl., Brachiaria sp.pl. etc. Its drought resistance is also an asset. Sometimes used as an ornamental for its attractive blue flowers.
Nutritional Quality and Animal Production
In Zambia, van Rensburg (1967) obtained 3330 kg./ha of dry matter from growth from March to June in the first year of establishment. Thereafter, yields declined. Parbery (1967a) obtained an average yield from three varieties in the Kimberleys of 13350 kg. DM/ha/year on Cunnunurra clay under irrigation but only 1109 kg. under dryland conditions on Cockatoo sand. Nitrogen application depressed yields. Crude protein contents ranged from 10.5 to 25.5 percent of the dry matter. In a grazing trial under irrigation in the Burdekin Delta in north Queensland (lat. 20°S), Australia, cattle averaged a daily live-weight gain of 0.68 kg./day grazing on a Para grass (Brachiaria mutica)/Clitoria pasture, a higher gain than from stylo and centro mixtures (Barrau, 1953).
Yields and feed value : 1,000 to 15,000 kg DM/ha/year. CP content 10-20 % on the DM. Animal performance : live-weight gain 680 g / day with cattle in North Australia, on irrigated para grass (Brachiaria mutica) - Clitoria pasture, higher than with Stylo and Centro.
Pests and Diseases
Clitoria ternatea is attacked by nematodes at Serere, Uganda (Horrell, 1958), and by grasshoppers and leaf-eating caterpillars (Prodenia spp.) in northern Australia (Parbery, 1967a). Under wet conditions it is attacked by virus at Turrialba, Costa Rica, and by Rhizoctonia microsclerotia and Corticium solani in Zambia (van Rensburg, 1967).
References
Andrews 1952 ; Whyte et al. 1955 ; Gillett et al. 1971 ; Baumer 1975 ; Berhaut 1976 ; Skerman 1977 ; Skerman et al. 1991 ; Lock 1989 ; Burkill 1995.
Regards
Harish
Common names
Butterfly pea (Australia), Kordofan pea (the Sudan), campanilla (Panama), zapatillo de la reina (El Salvador), papito, bejuco de conchitas (Puerto Rico), pokindang (the Philippines).
Description
Summer-growing perennial climber with a woody base, can climb tall grasses and crops. Leaves with 5-7 leaflets elliptic to narrowly lanceolate 3-5 cm long, shortly pubesent underneath. Flowers solitary, attractive, deep blue, occasionally pure white, very shortly pedicellate, 4 to 5 cm long. Pod flat, linear, beaked, about 10 cm long, slightly pubescent. About 20 % hard seeds. (Andrews, 1952). Autogamous, 2 n = 16. Growing season 60-80 days.
Temperature
Low frost tolerance.
Water
Rainfall requirement from 400 mm, with best performance in the area of 1500 mm. Fairly drought-tolerant in Zambia (van Rensburg, 1967) and grows in the drier areas of Kordofan the Sudan, but also performs well under irrigation (Barrau, 1953; Parbery, 1967a). Will not tolerate water logging and flooding (Farinas, 1966).
Soil
Adapted to a wide range of soil conditions from sandy to deep alluvial loams and heavy black cracking clays (Lee, 1954) in western Queensland and the Northern Territory, Australia, in the Nile Delta and in India. May have some tolerance to salinity, as it grows on high pH soils of the Nile Delta under irrigation near Khartoum, the Sudan.
Distribution
The "Butterfly pea" originates in Central and South America and in the Caribbean, but is now naturalized in the semi-arid and sub-humid tropics in some 25 countries of West, East and South Africa. Widely grown as an ornamental in the warmer parts of the world (Bermudez, Ceballos, and Chaverra, 1968). Extends from about lat. 20°N to the Salta district in Argentina at about lat. 24°S (Burkart, 1952), and grows from sea level to 1800 m (Crowder, 1960).
Rhizobium relationships
Slightly specific in its Rhizobium requirement. Bowen (personal communication) obtained 2 497 grams per pot with seed inoculated with strain QA553 containing 19.5 percent crude protein, whereas uninoculated control plants yielded only 140 g/pot with 13.5 percent protein.
Propagation
Seed is sown in spring to midsummer at 1 to 3 kg./ha on a well prepared seed bed at a depth of 1.5 to 4 cm and lightly covered. Can be planted on stakes for seed production. Contains up to 20 percent hard seed depending on the season in which it is produced. Dormancy can be broken by treatment with concentrated sulphuric acid of sp. gr. 1.8 for 20 minutes (Prodonoff, 1968); or by soaking for 12 hours in water, followed by 12 hours in a freezer at*15°C, then defrosted for planting (Lambert, personal communication). Parbery (1967a) obtained no response to a nitrogen application of 100 kg./ha in the Kimberleys (northern Australia). Seeds are usually harvested by hand.
Has good seedling vigour and grows rapidly in warm moist weather, producing a dense cover four to six months after seeding; suppresses weeds very well. Grows well with tall grasses such as guinea and elephant grass, with Andropogon pertusus in Barbados, and with crops of Sudan grass, sorghum and sunn hemp in the Sudan (Whyte et al., 1969). Should be grazed lightly and in rotation to preserve the pasture. Self-fertile; chromosome number 2n = 16. Flowered in 57 days on Cunnunurra clay, and in 62 days in Cockatoo sand in the Kimberleys, northern Australia (Parbery, 1967a) .
Variability
Parbery (1967a) used three cultivars in the Kimberleys and all performed well. A Sri Lanka cultivar, CPI 13844, was found to have the important character of basal branching, unusual in other strains. The other two cultivars were the local Australian material and an introduction from south India, CPI 30196. For commercial sale in Queensland it is required to have a minimum germination of 50 percent and purity of at least 93.5 percent with a maximum of 10 percent hard seed. It is germinated at 25°C.
Products & uses
Very palatable; its lack of persistence is often due to selective grazing of the legume by cattle. Can be grown mixed with perennial tall grasses on which it will climb : Sorghum, Sudan grass, Millet, Andropogon sp.pl., Pennisetum sp.pl., Brachiaria sp.pl. etc. Its drought resistance is also an asset. Sometimes used as an ornamental for its attractive blue flowers.
Nutritional Quality and Animal Production
In Zambia, van Rensburg (1967) obtained 3330 kg./ha of dry matter from growth from March to June in the first year of establishment. Thereafter, yields declined. Parbery (1967a) obtained an average yield from three varieties in the Kimberleys of 13350 kg. DM/ha/year on Cunnunurra clay under irrigation but only 1109 kg. under dryland conditions on Cockatoo sand. Nitrogen application depressed yields. Crude protein contents ranged from 10.5 to 25.5 percent of the dry matter. In a grazing trial under irrigation in the Burdekin Delta in north Queensland (lat. 20°S), Australia, cattle averaged a daily live-weight gain of 0.68 kg./day grazing on a Para grass (Brachiaria mutica)/Clitoria pasture, a higher gain than from stylo and centro mixtures (Barrau, 1953).
Yields and feed value : 1,000 to 15,000 kg DM/ha/year. CP content 10-20 % on the DM. Animal performance : live-weight gain 680 g / day with cattle in North Australia, on irrigated para grass (Brachiaria mutica) - Clitoria pasture, higher than with Stylo and Centro.
Pests and Diseases
Clitoria ternatea is attacked by nematodes at Serere, Uganda (Horrell, 1958), and by grasshoppers and leaf-eating caterpillars (Prodenia spp.) in northern Australia (Parbery, 1967a). Under wet conditions it is attacked by virus at Turrialba, Costa Rica, and by Rhizoctonia microsclerotia and Corticium solani in Zambia (van Rensburg, 1967).
References
Andrews 1952 ; Whyte et al. 1955 ; Gillett et al. 1971 ; Baumer 1975 ; Berhaut 1976 ; Skerman 1977 ; Skerman et al. 1991 ; Lock 1989 ; Burkill 1995.
Regards
Harish