-
Need help? WhatsApp us at 9620 320 320.
You are using an out of date browser. It may not display this or other websites correctly.
You should upgrade or use an alternative browser.
You should upgrade or use an alternative browser.
flowericulture
- Thread starter agrineeti
- Start date
hello Sir
Are u planning for these two on small or large scale. In general i have given the information below.
Anthurium andreanum and A. scherzerianum possess attractive long-lasting inflorescence.
Other species like A. magnificium A. digitatum, A. crystallinum, A. watermaliense , A. clarinervium , A. hookeri are grown for their excellent foliage.
Two types of Anthurium
Flowering Anthurium: Anthurium andreanum, A. scherzerianum, A.amnicola
Foliage Anthurium: A. crystallinum, A. grande, A.clarinervium
cultivation can be done in Low cost poly house,Shade net house,Hi-tech polyhouse.
Characters for a desirable variety
Short internodes, profuse suckering habit.
Bright clean coloured, showy, heart shaped spathe.
Spadix shorter than spathe.
Oriented at an angle less than 300.
Erect, long stem.
Resistance to common disease and pests.
For a luxuriant growth requires 18oC during night whereas a higher day temperature of 21 to 24oC is essential for initiation of flowering .
At temperature below 15 oC, growth of the plants is slow and the flowers get discoloured.
Night temperature should not fall below 18 oC.
Anthuriums do not prefer temperatures above 35 oC.
Basically shade loving plants. During summer where the light intensity is more, Anthurium plants are provided with 80%shade .
The ideal range of light intensity is 20000 to 25000 lux. Higher light intensity with low relative humidity and poor shading results in scorching of young leaves and immature flower buds.
In commercial practice it is advisable to have 50% shade, net on the top and a 25% shade net below it, so that the light levels at the plant growth can be modified depending upon the ambient light conditions.
The optimum relative humidity levels range from 50 to 85% and at humidity levels less than 40%, the vegetative growth is slower and the flower development is poor.
The relative humidity levels can be maintained by either overhead sprinkling/ misting/fogging or ground level sprinkling .
Growing media
Anthurium requires a highly organic, well aerated medium with good drainage.
An ideal medium for pots or ground potting should have good water holding capacity, high porosity, good aeration, low salt concentration ( especially Na, Cl and Ca ions ),must provide good anchorage, should have optimum pH (5.0) and EC (0.6m mhos/cm2) and should have good structure and texture.
The range of media that are used include Sugarcane bagasse, Coffee leaf mould, Spent ground coffee, Coffee husk, Cured coffee pulp, Coffee parchment, Rock wool, Saw dust, Tree bark, Chicken manure, Ground nut shells, Peat, Wood shavings, Brick , gravel , rubble etc.
In many countries , coconut husk and coco peat have become the most popular media.
Anthurium especially the miniature type, A. scherzerianum and its hybrids have are potted plants.
When young the plants can be planted in smaller pots (4”) and as they grow they can be shifted to bigger pots (6”- 10” dia. pots).
Depending on the plant size, the pots have to be arranged in such a way that the foliage does not overlap with the leaves of adjacent pots.
Pot culture: Earthen pots, Plastic pots Size –25 x 30 cm with two holes and Sterilized with fungicide.
Planting:
Avoid planting during seasons with high temperature and high rainfall
Make sure the bed/ medium is evenly moist but not wet
Provide an initial fertilizer dose having increased potassium and lower calcium levels.
Dip the roots in a fungicide solution before planting (0.1% Bavistin).
Plant in rows at an optimum depth (15 cm deep) so that new aerial roots appear above the planting surface.
Do not prune the leaves immediately after planting , allow the plants to establish and cut down to three to four leaves.
When planting is done in soil, the plants have to be grown in 1.00 meter wide raised beds with gentle slope which facilitates good drainage .
The beds have to be raised approximately 30 cm in height which get compressed due to frequent irrigation and other cultural practices.
The beds are prepared by digging about 2 feet deep and filling the pits with the chosen growing medium (coco peat , coffee husk etc ).
The dug out soil is thoroughly mixed with chosen growing medium and is used as top layer to create the raised beds .
The mixing of soil with the medium which is otherwise loose and friable, prevents runoff of the medium.
Planting density:
The optimum spacing for commercial cultivation of Anthurium is 45 x 45cm, which accommodates 5 plants/m2.
A closer planting of 30cm apart is also recommended to accommodate 7 to 9 plants/m2.
At higher plant densities though Anthuriums produce more , dense planting restricts air circulation and interferes with spray penetration . Hence, disease and pest management becomes difficult.
Irrigation:
Anthurium requires irrigation at least twice a day in summer months.
In field grown plantations besides ground level irrigation , the plants can also be watered using overhead sprinklers .
Irrigation can be accomplished by flooding beds or by installing micro sprinklers at the plant level. Sodium and chlorine levels should be less than 3 mmol/l and bicarbonate should be less than 5m mol/l In the drip irrigation systems addition of an acid to water will neutralize the excess bicarbonate ions.
Rainwater is considered to be the best quality water for anthurium cultivation. Water from underground source varies in its salt concentration hence; it needs to be tested before using for irrigation. By providing good drainage excessive salt accumulation can be overcome.
Nutrition:
Anthuriums prefer smaller doses of fertilizers at frequent intervals rather than larger doses in longer intervals.
Fertigation or root zone application of fertilizers is preferred.
For pot cultivation it is advisable to apply 10g of complex fertilizer (17:17:17 NPK) in 1000 ml of water (1%) once in a month.
Anthuriums can also efficiently take up nutrients thorough foliage. Foliar application of 0.1% urea at monthly intervals is found to be beneficial.
Adequate levels of calcium and magnesium are also necessary for optimum yield. Deficiency of calcium often results in color break in the spathes. Application of lime or CaNO3 @ 5g per plant of at monthly intervals stabilizes the spathe color.
Monthly application of GA3 at 1000ppm increased the yield of flowers.
Application of 750 ppm of BA from second month after planting in tissue cultured plants produced the highest number of healthy suckers.
Harvesting:
Anthurium flowers are harvested when the spathes completely unfurl and the spadix is well developed.
Development of true flowers on the spadix is also used as a criterion for harvesting the blooms.
Rose:
Soil and climate:It is generally suitable for higher elevation (1500 m and above). It can also be grown in the plains under ideal condition of fertile loamy soils with salt-free irrigation water. The ideal climate for rose growing should have temperature with a minimum of 15°C and maximum of 28°C. Light is important factor which decides the growth. The growth is slowed by day length, i.e. > 12 hours and heavy overcast, cloudy/mist conditions. High relative humidity exposes the plant to serious fungal diseases. In tropics the ideal temperature is 25°C – 30°C on sunny day and on cloudy day 18°C – 20°C. The optimum temperature should be 15°C – 18°C. These temperatures are extremely difficult to find and it’s therefore to compromise.
Propagation and planting:The crop can be propagated by rooted cuttings or by budding on Briar root stocks in hills and on Edward Rose and Rosa indica in plains. One year old budded plants are planted in July - August at 75 cm x 75 cm spacing.
Planting of Rose:
The plants should be watered daily until they establish and thereafter once in a week. Pruning is done during March and October. Spray Diuran 2.5 kg a.i/ha to control weeds. Avoid spray fluid coming in contact with Rose plants.
Manuring:At three months interval, apply FYM at 10 kg and 8:8:16 g NPK/plant after each pruning. For cv. Happiness NPK may be applied @ 75:150:50 g/plant/year.
Yield:The Hybrid Teas roses can yield about 70 – 80 stems/plant/year, while the Floribundas yield yields 80 -90 stems/plant/year.
Are u planning for these two on small or large scale. In general i have given the information below.
Anthurium andreanum and A. scherzerianum possess attractive long-lasting inflorescence.
Other species like A. magnificium A. digitatum, A. crystallinum, A. watermaliense , A. clarinervium , A. hookeri are grown for their excellent foliage.
Two types of Anthurium
Flowering Anthurium: Anthurium andreanum, A. scherzerianum, A.amnicola
Foliage Anthurium: A. crystallinum, A. grande, A.clarinervium
cultivation can be done in Low cost poly house,Shade net house,Hi-tech polyhouse.
Characters for a desirable variety
Short internodes, profuse suckering habit.
Bright clean coloured, showy, heart shaped spathe.
Spadix shorter than spathe.
Oriented at an angle less than 300.
Erect, long stem.
Resistance to common disease and pests.
For a luxuriant growth requires 18oC during night whereas a higher day temperature of 21 to 24oC is essential for initiation of flowering .
At temperature below 15 oC, growth of the plants is slow and the flowers get discoloured.
Night temperature should not fall below 18 oC.
Anthuriums do not prefer temperatures above 35 oC.
Basically shade loving plants. During summer where the light intensity is more, Anthurium plants are provided with 80%shade .
The ideal range of light intensity is 20000 to 25000 lux. Higher light intensity with low relative humidity and poor shading results in scorching of young leaves and immature flower buds.
In commercial practice it is advisable to have 50% shade, net on the top and a 25% shade net below it, so that the light levels at the plant growth can be modified depending upon the ambient light conditions.
The optimum relative humidity levels range from 50 to 85% and at humidity levels less than 40%, the vegetative growth is slower and the flower development is poor.
The relative humidity levels can be maintained by either overhead sprinkling/ misting/fogging or ground level sprinkling .
Growing media
Anthurium requires a highly organic, well aerated medium with good drainage.
An ideal medium for pots or ground potting should have good water holding capacity, high porosity, good aeration, low salt concentration ( especially Na, Cl and Ca ions ),must provide good anchorage, should have optimum pH (5.0) and EC (0.6m mhos/cm2) and should have good structure and texture.
The range of media that are used include Sugarcane bagasse, Coffee leaf mould, Spent ground coffee, Coffee husk, Cured coffee pulp, Coffee parchment, Rock wool, Saw dust, Tree bark, Chicken manure, Ground nut shells, Peat, Wood shavings, Brick , gravel , rubble etc.
In many countries , coconut husk and coco peat have become the most popular media.
Anthurium especially the miniature type, A. scherzerianum and its hybrids have are potted plants.
When young the plants can be planted in smaller pots (4”) and as they grow they can be shifted to bigger pots (6”- 10” dia. pots).
Depending on the plant size, the pots have to be arranged in such a way that the foliage does not overlap with the leaves of adjacent pots.
Pot culture: Earthen pots, Plastic pots Size –25 x 30 cm with two holes and Sterilized with fungicide.
Planting:
Avoid planting during seasons with high temperature and high rainfall
Make sure the bed/ medium is evenly moist but not wet
Provide an initial fertilizer dose having increased potassium and lower calcium levels.
Dip the roots in a fungicide solution before planting (0.1% Bavistin).
Plant in rows at an optimum depth (15 cm deep) so that new aerial roots appear above the planting surface.
Do not prune the leaves immediately after planting , allow the plants to establish and cut down to three to four leaves.
When planting is done in soil, the plants have to be grown in 1.00 meter wide raised beds with gentle slope which facilitates good drainage .
The beds have to be raised approximately 30 cm in height which get compressed due to frequent irrigation and other cultural practices.
The beds are prepared by digging about 2 feet deep and filling the pits with the chosen growing medium (coco peat , coffee husk etc ).
The dug out soil is thoroughly mixed with chosen growing medium and is used as top layer to create the raised beds .
The mixing of soil with the medium which is otherwise loose and friable, prevents runoff of the medium.
Planting density:
The optimum spacing for commercial cultivation of Anthurium is 45 x 45cm, which accommodates 5 plants/m2.
A closer planting of 30cm apart is also recommended to accommodate 7 to 9 plants/m2.
At higher plant densities though Anthuriums produce more , dense planting restricts air circulation and interferes with spray penetration . Hence, disease and pest management becomes difficult.
Irrigation:
Anthurium requires irrigation at least twice a day in summer months.
In field grown plantations besides ground level irrigation , the plants can also be watered using overhead sprinklers .
Irrigation can be accomplished by flooding beds or by installing micro sprinklers at the plant level. Sodium and chlorine levels should be less than 3 mmol/l and bicarbonate should be less than 5m mol/l In the drip irrigation systems addition of an acid to water will neutralize the excess bicarbonate ions.
Rainwater is considered to be the best quality water for anthurium cultivation. Water from underground source varies in its salt concentration hence; it needs to be tested before using for irrigation. By providing good drainage excessive salt accumulation can be overcome.
Nutrition:
Anthuriums prefer smaller doses of fertilizers at frequent intervals rather than larger doses in longer intervals.
Fertigation or root zone application of fertilizers is preferred.
For pot cultivation it is advisable to apply 10g of complex fertilizer (17:17:17 NPK) in 1000 ml of water (1%) once in a month.
Anthuriums can also efficiently take up nutrients thorough foliage. Foliar application of 0.1% urea at monthly intervals is found to be beneficial.
Adequate levels of calcium and magnesium are also necessary for optimum yield. Deficiency of calcium often results in color break in the spathes. Application of lime or CaNO3 @ 5g per plant of at monthly intervals stabilizes the spathe color.
Monthly application of GA3 at 1000ppm increased the yield of flowers.
Application of 750 ppm of BA from second month after planting in tissue cultured plants produced the highest number of healthy suckers.
Harvesting:
Anthurium flowers are harvested when the spathes completely unfurl and the spadix is well developed.
Development of true flowers on the spadix is also used as a criterion for harvesting the blooms.
Rose:
Soil and climate:It is generally suitable for higher elevation (1500 m and above). It can also be grown in the plains under ideal condition of fertile loamy soils with salt-free irrigation water. The ideal climate for rose growing should have temperature with a minimum of 15°C and maximum of 28°C. Light is important factor which decides the growth. The growth is slowed by day length, i.e. > 12 hours and heavy overcast, cloudy/mist conditions. High relative humidity exposes the plant to serious fungal diseases. In tropics the ideal temperature is 25°C – 30°C on sunny day and on cloudy day 18°C – 20°C. The optimum temperature should be 15°C – 18°C. These temperatures are extremely difficult to find and it’s therefore to compromise.
Propagation and planting:The crop can be propagated by rooted cuttings or by budding on Briar root stocks in hills and on Edward Rose and Rosa indica in plains. One year old budded plants are planted in July - August at 75 cm x 75 cm spacing.
Planting of Rose:
The plants should be watered daily until they establish and thereafter once in a week. Pruning is done during March and October. Spray Diuran 2.5 kg a.i/ha to control weeds. Avoid spray fluid coming in contact with Rose plants.
Manuring:At three months interval, apply FYM at 10 kg and 8:8:16 g NPK/plant after each pruning. For cv. Happiness NPK may be applied @ 75:150:50 g/plant/year.
Yield:The Hybrid Teas roses can yield about 70 – 80 stems/plant/year, while the Floribundas yield yields 80 -90 stems/plant/year.