Dear sir,
Feeding
Buffalo are, like cattle, ruminants. This means that they utilize micro-organisms in the rumen to digest the feed. Feed eaten by ruminants is of vegetable origin. The ruminant is an expert in converting cellulose and other fibrous materials into high quality milk and meat. Their digestive capacity is greater than the non-ruminant. Ruminants “chew the cud”, that is they regurgitate partly digested food to the mouth to chew it again, thus helping to breakdown this plant material.
Feed enters the rumen when swallowed by the animal. The rumen is an anaerobic environment, e.g. no oxygen is present. The feed is exposed to microbes such as bacteria, protozoa and fungi. These microbes attack the feed particles and by enzymatic action the components are broken down and used for their own metabolism, growth and propagation. The feed is masticated, regurgitated and exposed to microbes in the rumen. Large particles will become smaller and eventually be transported to the reticulum and further on. How long a specific feed particle will stay in the rumen depends on size, palatability and the fibre content of the feed. Buffalo have slower rumen movement than cattle, which leads to a slower rate of ingesta outflow. The pH of the rumen content is similar to that of cattle, and it is affected in the same manner. Normal pH is between six and seven, depending on feed and time of feeding.
Feed components can be divided into protein, energy (carbohydrates), fat, minerals and water. The breakdown and utilization of the different feed components are reviewed below.
The waste end products of the microbial attack are methane and carbon dioxide that are eructated. Volatile fatty acids (VFA) of which acetic, propionic and butyric acids are the predominant ones, are together with ammonia, absorbed through the rumen wall and transported via the blood to, for example, the liver and udder where they serve as building material for chemical compounds such as glucose, protein and fat. Most ammonia is utilised directly by the rumen microbes to synthesize proteins.
Ruminants are dependent on the function of the rumen microbes. Therefore, it is important to keep the rumen environment healthy. The easiest and best way is to feed a high amount of good quality roughage and a smaller amount of good quality concentrate.
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Regards
Kirti s
