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For large-scale outdoor algal cultures productivities of 30–40 g dry weight m-2. day-1 seem to represent the present achievable limit over sustained periods. Over shorter periods, and in smaller culture systems productivities as high as 60 g dry weight.m-2.day-1 have been recorded for Dunaliella. In D. salina the optimum salinity for growth lies between 18 and 22% NaCl whereas the optimum salinity for carotenoid production is >27% NaCl .
Lower salinities generally favour the growth of the non-carotenogenic Dunaliella species, D. viridis, D. minuta and D. parva .
An alternative approach is to grow the algae in either batch or continuous culture.
